In the 7th century, an individual named Tychicus returned from Constantinople to establish a school of learning. In 93 BC, ignoring Rome's command to not interfere with Cappadocia's independence, soldiers from the Kingdom of Armenia under Tigranes the Great, son-in-law of Mithridates VI, invaded and conquered Cappadocia at the behest of the Pontic king. In Acts 2:9 we learn that natives of Pontus were among those present at the outpour of the Holy Spirit in Jerusalem. Pontus (; Paphlagonia in the west, with varying amounts of hinterland. One group of Islamicized Greeks were called the Kromli, but were suspected of secretly having remained Christians. To: The exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, Literal Standard Version Subsequently, the Roman Emperor Trajan moved Pontus into the province of Cappadocia itself in the early 2nd century AD. Pontus came out from Persian domination when the Kingdom of Cappadocia separated from the Achaemenid Empire, taking Pontus with it as one of its provinces. At the end of their consulships the two commanders stayed on as proconsuls. The kingdom was proclaimed by Mithridates I in 281 BCE and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BCE. Progressively, these large early themes were divided into smaller ones, so that by the late 10th century, the Pontus was divided into the themes of Chaldia, which was governed by the Gabrades family,[20] and Koloneia. Marcus Aurelius Cotta was sent to secure the province as governor. [16] Iranica further states, and although there is only one inscription attesting it, he seems to have adopted the title “king of kings.” The very small number of Hellenistic Greek inscriptions that have been found anywhere in Pontus suggest that Greek culture did not substantially penetrate beyond the coastal cities and the court.[16]. The populares held both consulships at Rome. From 80 BC to 78 BC, during the dictatorship of Sulla, Julius Caesar fled to Bithynia to avoid being killed in Sulla's proscription. In those days, the best any outsider could hope from this region was temporary alliance with a local strongman. Pontus was a Greco-Persian kingdom on the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor, Ukraine, and the Caucasus that existed from 281 BC to 62 AD, with Amaseia and Sinope serving as its capitals. Pontus is a medium sized regional power located along the Euxine (Black) Sea, a Persianized tribal kingdom straddling the eastern parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia rising from the fall of the Achaemenid Empire. Upon arriving in Italy, the Senate sent a delegation to Pontus, demanding Mithridates restore Nicomedes IV to his throne. The Black Sea Region (Turkish: Karadeniz Bölgesi), comprising all or parts of 22 provinces, is one of Turkey's seven census-defined geographical regions. In 45 BC, Caesar, now dictator of Rome, appointed Quintus Marcius Crispus as governor of Bithynia and Pontus. Time in Pontus is now 04:09 AM (Wednesday) . Bithynia remained neutral during Rome's war against the Seleucid Empire and its King Antiochus the Great from 192-188 BC, despite the Seleucid Empire being the long-time enemy of the kingdom. In ancient times, Pontus was the name of the north-eastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), from which the designation was later transferred to the country. Due to the influence of a guest-friend of Nicomedes, Julius Caesar, then a young man, and an impassioned speech by the deceased king's sister, Nysa before the Senate, the gift was accepted. [9], The Armenian language went unnoted by the Hittites, the Assyrians, and all the post-Hittite nations; an ancient theory – first conjectured by Herodotus – is that its speakers migrated from Phrygia, past literary notice, across Pontus during the early Iron Age. It was the peak of his career. [8], With the reorganization of the provincial system under Diocletian (about AD 295), the Pontic districts were divided up between three smaller, independent provinces within the Dioecesis Pontica:[8][17]. Following Polemon I's death in 8 BC, he was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius Julius Aspurgus as client king of the Bosporan Kingdom and by his second wife Pythodorida of Pontus became client queen of Pontus, Cilicia, and Colchis. Nicomedes IV sought the protection of Rome. The wealth of Anatolia was now at Rome's command. "on the [Euxinos] Pontos", and hence it acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis (c. 370 BC). The local timezone is named " Europe/Helsinki " with a UTC offset of 2 hours. Subsequently, the Bishop of Trebizond was subordinated to the Metropolitan Bishop of Poti. Under Nero Pontus became its own province, and under Trajan it became part of the province of Cappadocia. A province of Asia Minor, stretching along the southern coast of the Euxine Sea, corresponding nearly to the modern province of Trebizond. BiblicalTraining.org | PONTUS (Gr. Following Archelaus' death in 14 AD and the subsequent transformation of Cappadocia into a directly governed province in 18 AD, Pythodorida lost her title as queen of Cappadocia. They numbered between 12,000 and 15,000 and lived in villages including Krom, Imera, Livadia, Prdi, Alitinos, Mokhora, and Ligosti. The Kingdom of Pontus (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τοῦ Πόντου, Basileía toû Póntou) was a Hellenistic-era kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. Pontus was the northern coast along the Black Sea (UNRV History) with Bithynia to its west, often joined as a single province . Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country Ἐν Πόντῳ (En Póntō), lit. The Senate immediately voted to annex the kingdom as a province directly governed by the Republic. durch Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus der neu geschaffenen Provinz Bithynia et Pontus eingegliedert, der östliche Teil bestand als abhängiges Königreich unter verschiedenen Dynasten weiter, während Pharnakes II., der Sohn von Mithridates VI., erfolglos versuchte, vom Bosporanischen Reich aus auch den Westen des Reichs seines Vaters zurückzuerobern. The Kingdom of Pontus extended generally to the east of the Halys River. Pontus came out from Persian domination when the Kingdom of Cappadocia separated from the Achaemenid Empire, taking Pontus with it as one of its provinces. Nestled in a crossroads of trade, Bithynia flourished for … Forbidden to preach. He had the full support of Caesar, then coming into his own. 66, 70); and he appointed “satraps” (a Persian title) as his provincial governors. In 74 BC, King Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died and, hoping to secure his kingdom from further Pontic aggression, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Auf Tripadvisor finden Sie alles für Pontos, Province of Girona: 45 unabhängige Bewertungen von Hotels, Restaurants und Sehenswürdigkeiten sowie authentische Reisefotos. They had a falling out and fought the Roman Civil War. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of Bithynia et Pontus. In 133 BC, King Attalus III of Pergamon died, bequeathing his kingdom to Rome. [17] The eastern half of the old kingdom was administered as a client kingdom together with Colchis. Jews from Pontus were in Jerusalem at the first Pentecost (Acts.2.9). The province was rich in natural resources, and its dyestuffs and woolen textiles were famous. Once restored to his throne, the Senate encouraged Nicomedes IV to raid Mithridates VI's territories. The Republic of Pontus ( Greek: Δημοκρατία του Πόντου, romanized: Dimokratía tou Póntou) was a proposed Pontic Greek state on the southern coast of the Black Sea. In ancient times, Pontus was the name of the north-eastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), from which the designation was later transferred to the country.Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. Under king Prusias I, Bithynia first came into contact with the Roman Republic. It was formed during the late Roman Republic by the amalgamation of the former kingdoms of Bithynia (made a province by Rome 74 BC) and Pontus (annexed to Bithynia 63 BC). Map of Asia Minor in the Roman Empire Map of Asia Minor and the adjacent Mediterranean lands in Roman times. Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. Cappadocia was an imperial province, meaning that its governor (legatus Augusti) was directly appointed by the emperor. Hereafter the simple name Pontus without qualification was regularly employed to denote the half of this dual province, especially by Romans and people speaking from the Roman point of view; it is so used almost always in the New Testament. In return, Caesar named Asander as the kingdom's new Roman client king. Octavian's victory over Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC ensured Octavian's position as undisputed master of the Roman world. Nicomedes II would be a loyal ally, actively supporting Rome's interests in the Aegean Sea and Black Sea. The province extended up the slopes to the ridge. The Third Mithridatic War ensued and dragged on. Pontus, in ancient times, was the name of the northeastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), from which the designation was later transferred to the country.Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. eingerichtete römische Provinz im nordwestlichen Kleinasien (in der heutigen Türkei). Prusias I's son and successor, Prusias II of Bithynia, first opened relations with Rome. [10], Since there was so little literacy in northeastern Anatolia until the Persian and Hellenistic era, one can only speculate as to the other languages spoken here. The Kingdom of Pontus or Pontic Empire was a state founded by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. The country was shut in by high and wild mountain ranges, but was exceedingly fertile in the lower parts on … Mithridates VI of Pontus, a skilled warrior, seeing a prospective addition to his kingdom about to escape, attacked Bithynia even before the consul arrived. There were three kings left, belonging to a different dynasty, and ruling in the eastern part of the former kingdom. Pontus or Pontos (/ˈpɒntəs/; Greek: Πόντος, romanized: Póntos, "Sea"[1]) is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. [14] Iranian influence ran deep, illustrated most famously by the temple of the Persian deities Anaitis, Omanes, and Anadatos at Zela, founded by victorious Persian generals in the 6th century BCE.[15]. The ancient province of Bithynia, corresponding roughly to central-northern Turkey, was situated on a fertile plain between Asia Minor in the west, the mountains of Galatia in the South, Pontus to the East and the Black Sea to the North. [17] Part of the kingdom was now annexed to the Roman Empire, being united with Bithynia in a double province called Pontus and Bithynia: this part included only the seaboard between Heraclea (today Ereğli) and Amisus (Samsun), the ora Pontica. However, following Pompey's defeated at the Battle of Pharsulus and subsequent death in 48 BC, Deiotarus faced execution by Caesar's forces until the Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero pleaded his case and secured his pardon from Caesar. When Octavian declared war on Egypt, Antony, supported by the Eastern provinces (including Bithynia and Pontus) went to Egypt's aid against Octavian. It borders two countries on land: Thirran and AN150B. So the 1877 translation of "Sargon's Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad", Robert W. Edwards, “The Garrison Forts of the Pontos: A Case for the Diffusion of the Armenian Paradigm,”, Learn how and when to remove this template message, unique preservation of characteristics of Ancient Greek, Meyer, Geschichte d. Königr. Cotta sent for his co-consul, Lucius Licinius Lucullus. During the latter 1st century, the province also … The province of Bithynia and Pontus was reorganized into the Bucellarian, Opsikion, and Optimatoi themes. This fits in well with a foundation date of 731 BC as reported by Eusebius of Caesarea for Sinope, perhaps the most ancient of the Greek colonies in what was later to be called Pontus. Driven from Pontus, hunted through Anatolia, he was assassinated at last by former friends hoping to win Roman favor. As part of the Constitutional Reforms of Augustus which transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire all Roman provinces where divided into imperial provinces and senatorial provinces. This was not a marriage of different cultures. God, during Apostle Paul's second missionary journey, forbid him from preaching in or even entering Bithynia - Pontus. [17] Despite ruling Lesser Armenia, King Mithridates VI was an ally of Armenian King Tigranes the Great, to whom he married his daughter Cleopatra. 37 v. … [3], In the wake of the Hittite empire's collapse, the Assyrian court noted that the "Kašku" had overrun its territory in conjunction with a hitherto unknown group whom they labeled the Muški. eingerichteten Provinz Bithynia, dem früheren Königreich Bithynien, mit Teilen des Königreichs Pontos nach dem römischen Sieg über dessen König Mithridates VI. According to Cassius Dio, around AD 134 the Senate ceded control of Bithynia and Pontus to the Emperor in return for Lycia et Pamphylia.[2]. Pontos, sea). In the time of the apostles it was a Roman province. When Crispus refused to serve the assassin of his patron, Cassius had him removed from office and forced into retirement. PONTUS. Pontus is a non-playable faction in Rome: Total War. As for the eastern half of Pontus ("Lesser Armenia"), Pompey added its territory to that of the Kingdom of Galatia under the Roman client king Deiotarus as a reward for his loyalty to Rome. Lucullus' men mutinied. The last popular standing, Octavian Caesar, assumed the title imperator on a permanent basis and was granted another by the Senate, Augustus. Nicomedes IV's death caused a power vacuum in Asia Minor, allowing Mithridates VI to invade and conquer the leaderless kingdom. Laodice, mother of Nicomedes III's deaseced wife Nysa, then married Nicomedes III to secure his hold over the kingdom. Rome was divided into two parties, the populares, party of the "people," and the optimates, party of the "best." 1 Peter 1:1 Parallel Verses [⇓ See commentary ⇓] 1 Peter 1:1, NIV: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia," 1 Peter 1:1, ESV: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who are elect exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia," Pythodorida was succeeded by her stepson Polemon II of Pontus following her death in 38 AD. 1:1). Bithynia and Pontus (Latin: Provincia Bithynia et Pontus) was the name of a province of the Roman Empire on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (Turkey). With the Triumvirate lapsed, the struggle for dominance between Antony and Octavian intensified. Due to the internal political struggle between Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Gaius Marius, and Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Rome had been unable to definitively defeat Pontic King Mithridates VI. But at the same time some valleys inhabited by Greeks converted voluntarily, most notably those in the Of valley. Several states and provinces bearing the name of Pontus or variants thereof were established in the region in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods, culminating in the late Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. [4] Iron Age visitors to the region, mostly Greek, noted that the hinterlands remained disunited, and they recorded the names of tribes: Moskhians (often associated with those Muški),[5] Leucosyri,[6] Mares, Makrones, Mossynoikoi, Tibarenoi,[7] Tzans[8] and Chalybes or Chaldoi. These Greeks of Pontus are generally referred to as Pontic Greeks. After defeating the Ptolemaic forces at the Battle of the Nile, Caesar left Egypt in 47 BC and travelled through Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia to face Pharnaces II. [19] In response to a Gothic raid on Trebizond in 287 AD, the Roman Emperor Diocletian decided to break up the area into smaller provinces under more localized administration. Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. By 64 BC all of Mithridates' allies had been defeated or forced to change sides. Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. The Sovereign State of Pontus is a country in Antarephia, in the southeast, near the top of the Harda Archipelago. In ancient times, Pontus was the name of the north-eastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), from which the designation was later transferred to the country.Before this the province was called Cappadocia on the Pontus. [20] In response to a Gothic raid on Trebizond in 457 AD, the Roman Emperor Diocletian decided to break up the area into smaller provinces under more localized administration. The next year, in 94 BC, Nicomedes III died and was succeeded by his son, the pro-Roman Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, as king. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Following a rebellion in by Cappadocian nobles in 97 BC against Pontic control, both Nicomedes III and Mithridates VI sent emissaries to Rome in 95 BC asking the Republic to intervene in their struggle for dominance over the kingdom. Bithynia and Pontus became an important player during the Roman Republican civil wars. Asia was a term which in the books of the Maccabees actually means Asia Minor, which Antioch III (the Great) had to give up to the Roman province of Asia Proconsularis (formed after 133 B.C. As Pharnaces II gained word of Caesar's approach with his veteran army, he sent envoys to seek a peace, which Caesar refused. pon'-tus (Pontos): Was an important province in the northeastern part of Asia Minor, lying along the south shore of the Black Sea. The region went further uncontrolled by Hatti's eastern neighbors, Hurrian states like Azzi and (or) Hayasa. Flag of Pontus.jpg 294 × 159; 21 KB Historical Lazona-Lazeti-Lazistan map.jpg 1,258 × 765; 709 KB Lazistan Haritası - Map of Lazistan.tif 5,262 × 3,366, 2 pages; 10.78 MB [8] The Diocese of Pontus and its provinces in c. AD 400. The Roman writer Pliny the Younger was governor of the province in AD 110-113. Bithynia and Pontus went on from that date, 27 BC, as an imperial province, a name which it kept. Das Königreich erreichte seine größte Ausdehnung unter der Herrschaft von Mithridates VI., der Kappadokien, Bithynien, Galatien, Kolchis, die römische Provinz Asia und das Bosporanische Reich kontrollierte. Nicomedes III sought to take advantage of the political power vacuum in Cappadocia, invaded the kingdom, and refused to recognize the infant Ariarathes VII as Cappadocia's legitimate ruler. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}41°30′00″N 33°15′36″E / 41.5000°N 33.2600°E / 41.5000; 33.2600, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bithynia_and_Pontus&oldid=994996369, States and territories established in the 1st century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 7th century, 1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic, 7th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire, Articles needing additional references from October 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 17:12. Cotta was removed finally by the Senate on a charge of corruption. New Testament Roman Provinces Bithynia and the western portion of Pontus were combined in 64 B.C. This political adroitness included becoming a vassal state at various times to both Georgia and to various inland Turkic rulers. In response to the ousting of Nicomedes IV and Mithridates VI's growing power, the Senate declared war against Pontus and sent the Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla east to defeat Mithridates VI. Following the Muslim invasions of the 640s AD, the Byzantine Empire reorganized its provincial structure into themes. Pontus is a medium sized regional power located along the Euxine (Black) Sea, a Persianized tribal kingdom straddling the eastern parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia rising from the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.One of several moderately sized states in northern Anatolia and the Caucasus, Pontus is squeezed between its fellow Anatolian kingdoms of Paphlagonia and Armenia to the east … Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I of Bithynia. [13], The peoples of this part of northern Asia Minor were incorporated into the third and nineteenth satrapies of the Persian empire. Pontus in the region of Province of Southern Finland is a place in Finland - some 131 mi or ( 211 km ) North-East of Helsinki , the country's capital city . With Cappadocia secured, Mithridates VI invaded Bithynia, defeating Nicomedes IV in 90 BC, annexing his kingdom. In ancient times, Pontus was the name of the north-eastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the Black Sea ( Pontus Euxinus ), from which the designation was later transferred to the country. 1 Peter 1:1, CSB: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ: To those chosen, living as exiles dispersed abroad in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and … In 74 BC Bithynia was willed to Rome by Nicomedes IV of Bithynia in the hope that Rome would defend it against its old enemy, Pontus. His Epistulae ("Letters") to emperor Trajan (ruled 98-117) are a major source on Roman provincial administration. Arlington is the capital city and is situated roughly in the centre of the country. Das Gesetz zur Regelung der Verwaltung der Provinz, eine lex Pompeia (nach dem römischen Feldherrn Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), folgte im Winter 63/62 v. Chr. Following Prusias II's failed invasion of the Roman ally of the Kingdom of Pergamon in 154 BC, Bithynia was forced to pay heavy war reparations. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Pontus was located among mountains and fertile river valleys, and its agricultural and trade economies were based in the valleys and the ports of the region. The earliest known written description of Pontus, however, is that of Scylax of Korianda, who in the 7th century BC described Greek settlements in the area. This state of affairs was later formally recognized as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. After the 8th century, the area experienced a period of prosperity, which was brought to an end only by the Seljuk conquest of Asia Minor in the 1070s and 1080s. The Greeks are the earliest long-term inhabitants of the region from whom written records survive. Large communities (around 25% of the population) of Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the area (including Trabezon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and dialect of Greek. Under the subsequent Ottoman rule which began with the fall of Trebizond, particularly starting from the 17th century, some of the region's Pontic Greeks became Muslim through the Devşirme system. This kingdom reached its greatest height under Mithridates VI or Mithridates Eupator, commonly called the Great, who for many years carried on war with the Romans. Pontus never became a province of its own. Luke mentions in Acts.18.2 that a certain Christian Jew named Aquila was born in The two populares were insufficiently skilled to take on Mithridates. [24] Many of the Islamized Greeks continued speaking their language, known for its unique preservation of characteristics of Ancient Greek and still today there are some in the Of valley that still speak the local Ophitic dialect. Geographically, Pontus divided into two distinct parts—a narrow, coastal strip,and a mountainous, inland region interspersed with fertile river valleys and separated from the sea by the Pontic Alps, which run parallel and close to the coast and which limited routes of communications between the two zones. Pontus is mentioned three times in the New Testament. [11] The epical narratives related to the travels of Jason and the Argonauts to Colchis, the tales of Heracles' navigating the Black Sea, and Odysseus' wanderings into the land of the Cimmerians, as well as the myth of Zeus constraining Prometheus to the Caucasus mountains as a punishment for his outwitting the Gods, can all be seen as reflections of early contacts between early Greek colonists and the local, probably Caucasian, peoples. The guest-friendship had been offered to Caesar, a popular, to save his life by keeping him from Rome during a proscription (a kind of witch-hunt) by Sulla, an optimate in power. Years later, in 16 BC, Polemon I, at the request of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and with the approval of Roman Emperor Augustus, married Queen Dynamis of the Bosporan Kingdom, becoming ruler of that realm in addition to Pontus and Cilicia. With Mithridates VI again having designs on Roman protectorates in Asia Minor, including Bithynia, Rome launched a third war against Pontus. Rome's victory over Mithridates VI in 85 BC and the subsequent Treaty of Dardanos secured Rome as the major power in Anatolia, restored Nicomedes IV to his throne, and further brought Bithynia into closer ties with the Republic.