. 23 July 2013 The ideas, Topic: William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism Essay. Analytics.copyButton = 'article.essay-content '; -LECTURE: William Graham Sumner-- Social Darwinism and neo-liberalism in defense of laissez-faire capitalism (U.S. Like the British philosopher Herbert Spencer, Sumner, who taught at Yale from 1872 to 1909, expounded in many essays his firm belief in laissez-faire, individual liberty, and … William Graham Sumner, a sociologist at Yale University, penned several pieces associated with the philosophy of Social Darwinism. William's father, Thomas, was a mechanic who moved his family from one town to another until 1845, when the Sumners settled in Hartford, Connecticut. The struggle for existence is aimed against nature. . It is often smeared for its “social Darwinism.” According to this interpretation, Sumner thinks that people must struggle with each other in order to live. It is often smeared for its “social Darwinism.” According to this interpretation, Sumner thinks that people must struggle with each other in … i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; The ideas and behind Social Darwinism came directly from his theories of evolution and, survival of the fittest. The ideas of Social Darwinism were used to explain how the United States economy was so competitive and to justify the elimination of so many less ambitious industries. Sumner argued against many issues such as, antitrust legislation, protective tariffs, and government interference on behalf of management in labor strike... ...Social Darwinism is the belief that the individual is more powerful than society. A History and Understanding of Social Darwinism Born in 1820, Spencer applied Darwinian Theory when describing human development in a socio-economic context. ga('require', 'ec'); Social Darwinism was the use of Charles Darwin’s scientific theory of evolution and natural selection to a society’s development. These essays represent William Graham Sumner's application of the theory of evolution to the problems of economic and public policy of 19th-century America. Where Germany was concerned, Social Darwinism played a considerable role in their forgein policy as an up-coming power in Europe. Sumner did not see economic inequality in society as a problem. If you need this or any other sample, we can send it to you via email. 0 0. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). In conclusion, the ideas of Social Darwinism were an analysis of how the economy of America works. Overemphasis on Social Darwinism B. Social Darwinism was as well based “survival of the fittest.” This was a theory stating that the rich would be the best off in society and make it life, while the poor wouldn’t and should basically just be allowed to die. }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); How was this ideology used in relation to Gilded Age economics? Here you will also find the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your research essay well-formatted and your essay highly evaluated. This theory also said that economies grew and operated like ecosystems and weeded out the weak and allowed the strong to flourish. })(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); Also, it justified the elimination of many weaker industries to make room for the corporate companies to run the economy. William Graham Sumner – Social Darwinist Sumner was the follower of Darwin’s ideas and Herbert Spencer’s, Social Darwinism. Therefore, when these concepts progressed from the public view into European politics, it gave an all too easy motive for combatant nations to become aggressive. Political Thought: Lecture 12, November 9, 1995, Joseph Boland) -"SOCIAL NORMS": William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) -ESSAY: Sumner's Forgotten Classic (Christopher Mayer, September 5, 2003, Mises.org) Spencer was broadly admired among American capitalist leaders. William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) was a prominent American sociologist and a vocal advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, anti-imperialism, and the futility of social reform. This essay was composed during the latter part of the 19th century. Both of these men were extremely influential. Want to add some juice to your work? William Graham Sumner mentions in his book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883) a way to compare the with evolution. Something that many people still do in the reception of evolution when explaining social darwinism essay social darwinism held that humans,. In 1890, when the Kaiser forced PM Otto Von Bismarck to resign, his fairly cautious policy of Realpolitik resigned with him, leaving vacancy for the Social Darwinist induced Weltpolitik of the Kaiser. The theory stated that in nature, only those who were the fittest survived. He applied the Darwinian Theory to human development. Analytics.printButton = ''; AMH2020 William Graham Sumner, U.S. sociologist and economist, prolific publicist of Social Darwinism. The way that social Darwinism has changed the views and realities of the economy has allowed it to be able to advance and provide a good, competitive place for people to make money and offer their goods and services. The book originally appeared in 1883. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder. The book originally appeared in 1883. The … In the wild, animals compete against one another for survival, fighting to keep their spot in the world. ...Essay 1: Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth Also, that some individuals within species are more predominant than others due to their inherited characteristics and favourable traits. The term Darwinism may cause confusion in some people because they confuse Darwinism, the scientific theory, with Social Darwinism, the ethical theory. William Darwinism Arguments Essay Social For Graham Sumner And. Sumner argued that the government had no role in the economy’s functions. William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American academic and “held the first professorship in sociology” at Yale College. This theory also said that economies grew and operated like ecosystems and weeded out the weak and allowed the strong to flourish. Therefore, the state controls the production within the country and control the direction, which the country goes. He believed in the idea of Survival of the Fittest. Socialists believe that society comes before the individual while those who follow Social Darwinism believe the individual comes before society. a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; Years later, after reading all about natural selection and becoming quite intrigued by it, a man by the name of Herbert Spencer, a polymath philosopher, came up with a synonym phrase for natural selection: “survival of the fittest.” This term, although referring to the capabilities of species to adapt to their environments, soon became a term used to describe real life. The economy nowadays has made life hard for everyone living in the United States. Check it out goo.gl/Crty7Tt, William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism Essay, Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism was a late nineteenth-century social theory that was based on the theories of evolution of scientist Charles Darwin. That July, his mother died. ga('require', 'GTM-N5DGK37'); ... Also, the ideas of Social Darwinism still are around today, especially in the dot-com world. They believe that they can live their lives in a utopian society. In the following, Sumner explains his vision of nature and liberty in a just society. The theory was used to explain how the economic growth of America was coming along. William Graham Sumner was influenced by many people and ideas such as Herbert Spencer and this has led many to associate Sumner with social Darwinism. Finally, when these weaker countries were taken over, they were brainwashed to believe that the invasion and oppression of their people were just a result of nature. Mr. Frazer Sumner believed that survival of the fittest … a.src = g; Social Darwinism is the opposite of socialism. And so, the imperialistic nations would survive and multiply while the oppressed civilizations were invaded and changed. Please join StudyMode to read the full document. He developed the … America, along with every other country goes through tough economic struggle, where the population has to fight in order to survive. i[r] = i[r] || function () { William Graham Sumner often gets unfairly labeled a social Darwinist. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Sumner was most likely influenced to write this essay by the emerging unrest of the poor/working class. “Later mislabeled Social Darwinists, these theorists argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. As I have indicated, he has been so described, most notably by Richard Hofstadter and various others over the past 60-odd years. How Did William Graham Sumner Justify Social Darwinism 1524 Words | 7 Pages; Darwin And Darwin's Theory Of Evolution On Psychology And Society 1292 Words | 6 Pages; Essay On Charles Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection 1250 Words | 5 Pages; Social Darwinism And The Gilded Age Essay 958 Words | … The book originally appeared in 1883. Analytics.previewButton = '.artscolumbia__essay-info__preview a'; William Graham Sumner, to the extent that he is remembered at all today, is remembered mostly as a “social Darwinist.” As I explained in my last essay, this charge is almost entirely the creation of Richard Hofstadter, whose 1944 book Social Darwinism in American Thought applied the label both to Sumner and to his contemporary Herbert Spencer. Darwin spent the summer of... StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. In a liberal economy, the individuals control the means of production so that there is a choice in what to purchase. NAME_SITE = 'artscolumbia.org'; var Analytics = {}; Often those who believe in Social Darwinism are racist and believe that the white origin is the superior race of society. ...The main proposals put across by Social Darwinism is that people in a society – and societies themselves – must compete for survival. Analytics.emailInput = '.artscolumbia__essay-info__preview a'; (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { The wealthy and powerful had simply... ...Social Darwinism He studied political economy at Yale, graduating in 1863, and then studied French and Hebrew at Geneva, ancient languages and history at Gottingen, and Anglican theology at Oxford. })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. William Graham Sumner – Social Darwinist Sumner was the follower of Darwin’s ideas and Herbert Spencer’s, Social Darwinism. William Graham Sumner “Sociology” and “Socialism” (1881) One of the most influential American students of Spencer and Darwin was the historian and political theorist William Graham Sumner (1840-1910). Robert Bannister calls this description "more caricature than accurate characterization" of Sumner, however, and says further that it "seriously misrepresents him." They "marketed" imperialism through Social Darwinism. One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. William Sumner was able to use the concept of Social Darwinism to, in a way, invalidate the hard work of the lower class. The … In order to survive, one must be financially stable but without a decent job life becomes a battle. In 1864, the theory of evolution became very well-known when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. By: Rebecca Lopes We will write a custom essay on William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy, Get custom essay sample written according to your requirements. His academic works and popular essays contributed significantly to the influence of social Darwinism on American political and economic thought in the late nineteenth century. He is considered to be vigorous and influential social Darwinist in America. William Graham Sumner. I believe that the opposing views expressed here, are still valid today. There were two men who stood out from the group of businessmen; Herbert Spencer and William Graham. In this view, society's advancement was dependent on the "survival of the fittest", the term was in fact coined by Herbert Spencer and referred to in "The Gospel of Wealth" theory written by Andrew Carnegie. Job opportunities are tough to come by and only few people are able to get hired. ga('require', 'linkid'); In 1866 he returned to a tutorship at Yale. Socialism believes in government intervention to control the means of production. Troops in the Royal Armed Forces of Britain invaded more land than any other empire that ever existed. He was a professor at Yale College. William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (ca.1880s) William Graham Sumner, a sociologist at Yale University, penned several pieces associated with the philosophy of Social Darwinism. You are encouraged to cite the document by quoting only very small portions. How about receiving a customized one? These oppressed people believed this because, according to Social Darwinism, only the fittest survive. At artscolumbia.org you will find a wide variety of top-notch essay and term essay samples on any possible topics absolutely for free. Their motivation was the glory of their country and their belief that by invading these countries, they were eliminating the world... ...Abstract Social Darwinism is based on the theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Those who believe in Social Darwinism believe that the society is inferior to the needs of the individual. William Sumner was able to use the concept of Social Darwinism to, in a way, invalidate the hard work of the lower class. Social Darwinism . When mitigating colonialism, politicians such as the German Kaiser Wilhelm II alleged that it was their entitlement as large, wealthy, and ‘fit' nations to dominate the less ‘fit' races of their colonies. Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner (Classics in History) Paperback – January 1, 1963 by William Graham Sumner (Author), Stow Persons (Editor, … In the following essay I am going to contrast the views of two figures who laid the foundations of American sociology in their era – the Social Darwinism ideals of William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) on one hand, and the progressive principles of Jane Addams (1860-1935) on the other. No problem! Sumner believed that survival of the fittest explained why some people were inferior to other. When applying for a job, a hiring manager interviews people, deciding on which person has the most potential to succeed in the position that is needed. Hi there, would you like to get such an essay? The way that the larger, better-funded companies are eliminating the smaller more personalized businesses is the basis behind the Social Darwin theory. The ideas and behind Social Darwinism came directly from his theories of evolution and, survival of the fittest. Someone who has graduated college, has great work experience and a good background would have a better chance at landing a job, compared to someone who has not been through college, doesn’t have work experience, and has a bad record. He developed the concepts of … Sumner was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. Sumner treats such topics as social change, government interference in the economy, the threat of socialism, and separation of church and state. Alondra Hernandez April 10, 2014 HST 202 Sumner on Social Darwinism William Graham Sumner believed that humanity ran on the rules of Social Darwinism. h.hj=h.hj||function() One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. He brought up his children with respect for the traditional h._hjSettings={hjid:779227,hjsv:6}; Essay text: It did not take Sumner long to see that his faith and theology did not coexist without conflict and he had chose the wrong path for his career. These imperialistic nations exploited other nations and cultures and their troops' motivation was the glory of the nation and the eradication of the weaker races on earth. Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, (1963, posthumous) The Conquest of the United States by Spain, and Other Essays (1965, posthumous) On Liberty, Society, and Politics: The Essential Essays of William Graham Sumner (1992, posthumous) Rebecca Lopes SUB_DOMAIN = 'essays.artscolumbia.org'; Sumner, William Graham Born Oct. 30, 1840, in Pa-terson, N.J.; died Apr. Paper #1: William Graham Sumner, “On Social Darwinism.” For the first document analysis assignment you will analyze and interpret William Graham Sumner’s, “On Social Darwinism,” in Foner, Voices of Freedom, pp.31-35. One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. Analytics.sendButton = '#modalmailsender button:submit'; a.async = 1; In the following essay I am going to contrast the views of two figures who laid the foundations of American sociology in their era – the Social Darwinism ideals of William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) on one hand, and the progressive principles of Jane Addams (1860-1935) on the other. Essay on social darwinism. 12, 1910, in Englewood, N.J. American sociologist, economist, and publicist. However, Social Darwinism has been incorporated into the belief of socialism mainly with the fact that people believe that they can rise about the "natural law" and through planning they can create the perfect society. {(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; Social Darwinism is a political theory that emphasizes struggle and competition, and claims that human racial stock improves by allowing ruthless and unrestrained competition in the economic realm. In the following, Sumner explains his vision of nature and liberty in a just society. Troops in the armed forces of these imperialistic nations justified their actions through Social Darwinism. Kommentare deaktiviert für Essays On William Graham Sumner. In the following essays, Sumner developed the “survival of the fittest” idea to argue against socialism and any Analytics.downloadButton = '.artscolumbia__essay-info__item_modal a'; If you need this or any other sample, we can send it to you via email. William Graham Sumner was a Yale based sociologist and political economist who promoted an extreme lenient position. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; Liberalists believe that the marketplace follows a... ...Social Darwinism fueled imperialism by making imperialistic nations believe that their imperialistic ventures were a natural turn of events and not a cruel, opressionistic system of government. For students essays william graham sumner, the views of species by peter dobkin hall, the belief that humans like ann. The essay should be comprised of at least five paragraphs and follow the standard essay format of introduction, body, and conclusion. r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; ","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://artscolumbia.org/social-darwinism-essay-2-66457/"]}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/#/schema/person/f9f90148d335e4dd9a0f7bb03105104d","name":"artscolumbia","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/48fb5ade3409b866a3dfd658e4bee975?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"artscolumbia"}}]} People living in the United States indeed, have to fight for many things in life such as jobs, sports, and ___ thus showing that social Darwinism is something that occurs. Social Darwinism is a term used to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." These soldiers believed in Social Darwinism. Using the idea that only those who are strong enough to survive in the world will prosper in life, he developed a few ideas on how that relates to poverty and inequality in the United States. Description Document Analysis Paper – William Graham Sumner, “On Social Darwinism” For the first document analysis assignment you will analyze and interpret William Graham Sumner’s, “On Social Darwinism,” in Foner, Voices of Freedom, pp.31-35. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism was a late nineteenth-century social theory that was based on the theories of evolution of scientist Charles Darwin. social Darwinism was William Graham Sumner. He was a professor at Yale College. His father, Thomas Sumner, was a hard-working, self-educated English laborer who came to America because his family's trade had been disrupted by the growth of the factory system. These essays represent William Graham Sumner's application of the theory of evolution to the problems of economic and public policy of 19th-century America. ga('send', 'pageview'); This explanation was adopted by many American businessmen who believed the theory to be scientific proof of their power. Was William Graham Sumner an advocate of "social Darwinism"? One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. ... During the 1870's Sumner was introduced to Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism … This was also a way to be able to increase the economys personalization to the consumer and to be able to offer competitive prices and cheaper and better products. William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1911). Sumner did not see economic inequality in society as a problem. William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) was one of the founders of the science of sociology in the United States. For many years he had a reputation as one of the most influential teachers there. Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. The book originally appeared in 1883. William Graham Sumner is a more important historical figure than I had realized until recently. The book originally appeared in 1883. //= get_template_directory_uri(); ?> var eltdCoreAjaxUrl = "https://artscolumbia.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php" {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/#website","url":"https://artscolumbia.org/","name":"Artscolumbia","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://artscolumbia.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/social-darwinism-essay-2-66457/#webpage","url":"https://artscolumbia.org/social-darwinism-essay-2-66457/","name":"William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism Essay Example For Students | Artscolumbia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-01-06T00:06:09+00:00","dateModified":"2021-02-09T20:29:15+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://artscolumbia.org/#/schema/person/f9f90148d335e4dd9a0f7bb03105104d"},"description":"\u3010 William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism Essay \u3011for free from best writers of Artscolumbia \u2705 Largest assortment of free essays \u2705 Find what you need here! [16] He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin, and Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). a.appendChild(r); Social Darwinism is a term that started near... ...Social Darwinism Spencer’s work on social Darwinism was first evidenced in the 1850s. Analytics.checkerButton = '#bla-essayCheck'; Liberalism took the aspect of survival of the fittest into its beliefs. Nations and political leaders believed the terms of this principle gave them justification to conquer inferior lands. HISTORY 15200 - EXAM 1 - Akanksha Tripathy How did William Graham Sumner justify Social Darwinism? William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (ca.1880s) William Graham Sumner, a sociologist at Yale University, penned several pieces associated with the philosophy of Social Darwinism. (function(d,s,a,b){a=d.createElement(s);b=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];a.async=1;a.src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);})(document,"script"); DOMAIN = 'artscolumbia.org'; This theory arose from the philosopher Herbert Spencer and a Yale professor, William Graham Sumner, who generated their belief from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection as well as from David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus, British laissez-faire economists. This theory is utilized to justify the struggle for existence, which is arrived at through social policies that are not. It is often smeared for its “social Darwinism.” According to this interpretation, Sumner thinks that people must struggle with each other in … William Graham Sumner, to the extent that he is remembered at all today, is remembered mostly as a “social Darwinist.” As I explained in my last essay, this charge is almost entirely the creation of Richard Hofstadter, whose 1944 book Social Darwinism in American Thought applied the label both to Sumner and to his contemporary Herbert Spencer. Sumner was most likely influenced to write this essay by the emerging unrest of the poor/working class. At the end of the 19th century, Social Darwinism was promoted and included the various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas was the framework of social evolution in human societies. William Graham SumnerOctober 30, 1840 — April 12, 1910“Civil liberty is the status of the man who is guaranteed by law and civil institutions the exclusive employment of all his own powers for his own welfare.” –W. UTM_MEDIUM = 'utm_medium=ch_sh'; One of the first free market books I read, back in the early 1960s, was William Graham Sumner’s What Social Classes Owe Each Other. It summarized how people needed to be stronger, faster and smarter than the competition. It encourages a ruthless system of self-interest and intolerant treatment of others. Also, nations were able to become imperialistic because of the support of their people. The theory was used to explain how the economic growth of America was coming along. How about make it original at only $13.9/page? Sumner treats such topics as social change, government interference in the economy, the threat of socialism, and separation of church and state. Spencer argued that material goods and power were signs of fitness and mankind benefited from the extreme competition and elimination of those that were weak and unfit. William Graham Sumner’s is one of the more famous statements regarding Social Darwinism in nineteenth-century America. Sumner uses the term Darwinism … ga('require', 'displayfeatures'); According to the Wikipedia article on him, . m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; In truth, except for the name and a few basic principles, the two ideas do not have much in common and has very little to do with Charles Darwin, the English naturalist who famously suggested the scientific theory which states that a branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection. Herbert Spencer was an English social philosopher and leading supporter of Darwin’s theories. Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website. 【 William Graham Sumner Social Darwinism Essay 】for free from best writers of Artscolumbia Largest assortment of free essays Find what you need here! William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (1880) Albert G. Keller, ed., The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays by William Graham Sumner (New Haven, Conn., 1914), pp.17-27(Voices of Freedom: a Documentary History pg 35) Essays On William Graham Sumner 23. It is often smeared for its “social Darwinism.” According to this interpretation, Sumner thinks that people must struggle with each other in order to live. Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinker, had baby Charles baptised in the Anglican Church, but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother. At the time which Social Darwinism became popular in politics, the nations of Europe were entangled in a colonial battle. In this first post in a new series, Zwolinski tries to nail down just what “social Darwinism” means. Among all of the other leaders in his era, Spencer did the most to gain acceptance for the theory of evolution. Rather he saw it as the solution itself. As social. William Graham Sumner Order custom writing paper now! William Graham Sumner mentions in his book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883) a way to compare the with evolution. ga('create', 'UA-90324623-5', 'auto'); Representative of social Darwinism. Sumner uses the term Darwinism … Rather he saw it as the solution itself. How Did William Graham Sumner Justify Social Darwinism 1524 Words | 7 Pages; Darwin And Darwin's Theory Of Evolution On Psychology And Society 1292 Words | 6 Pages; Essay On Charles Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection 1250 Words | 5 Pages; Social Darwinism And The Gilded Age Essay 958 Words | … William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) was a prominent American sociologist and a vocal advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, anti-imperialism, and the futility of social reform. The troops invaded so successfully because they had sound motivation. The book originally appeared in 1883. window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; William Graham Sumner, The Forgotten Man and other essays, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1876, p. 401.
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